A temperature sensor is a device that detects temperature and converts it into a usable output signal, such as an electrical voltage or current. As the core component of temperature measurement instruments, temperature sensors come in various types and are widely used in different applications. Based on their measurement method, they can be classified into two main categories: contact and non-contact sensors. Additionally, depending on the materials and electronic components used, they can also be categorized into two major types: thermistors (thermal resistors) and thermocouples. In high and low temperature test chambers, thermocouple sensors are commonly employed due to their accuracy and reliability.
A typical thermocouple consists of two wires made from different metals, which are joined at one end. This junction is placed at the point where the temperature is to be measured, while the other ends are connected to a measuring instrument. The principle behind its operation is based on the Seebeck effect, which states that a voltage is generated when there is a temperature difference between two dissimilar conductors. By measuring the voltage difference between the two ends, the temperature at the heated junction can be accurately determined.
Thermocouples are named for using two different conductive materials, and each type is suited for specific temperature ranges. The sensitivity of a thermocouple refers to the change in output voltage per degree Celsius of temperature change. For most metal-based thermocouples, this sensitivity typically ranges from 5 to 40 microvolts per degree Celsius. Importantly, the sensitivity is not affected by the thickness of the material, allowing even very thin wires to be used as effective temperature sensors.
Additionally, because the metals used in thermocouples are highly ductile, these sensors can be manufactured into small and flexible forms. This makes them ideal for measuring rapid temperature changes in dynamic environments. Their fast response time ensures accurate readings even in processes where temperature fluctuates quickly. Overall, thermocouples remain one of the most popular and versatile temperature sensing solutions in industrial and scientific applications.
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