A temperature sensor is a device that detects temperature and converts it into a measurable output signal. As the core component of temperature measurement instruments, temperature sensors come in various types. Based on their measurement method, they can be classified into two main categories: contact and non-contact sensors. Additionally, depending on the materials and electronic components used, they are often divided into two types: thermistors (thermal resistors) and thermocouples. In high and low temperature test chambers, thermocouple sensors are commonly used. Below is an overview of how thermocouple sensors work.
Typically, a thermocouple consists of two wires made from different metals, which are joined at one end. This junction is placed at the point where the temperature needs to be measured, while the other ends remain in a known ambient temperature. By measuring the voltage difference between the two wires, the temperature at the sensing point can be accurately determined. The name "thermocouple" comes from the fact that two dissimilar conductors are required for this process. Different types of thermocouples are designed for use across various temperature ranges, and their sensitivity varies accordingly.
Sensitivity refers to the change in output voltage per degree Celsius of temperature change. For most metal-based thermocouples, this value typically falls between 5 and 40 microvolts per degree Celsius. Importantly, the sensitivity of a thermocouple does not depend on the thickness of the material, which means even very thin wires can be used effectively as temperature sensors.
Furthermore, because the metals used in thermocouples are highly ductile, these small and precise temperature-sensing elements can respond quickly to temperature changes. This makes them ideal for monitoring fast-changing processes. Their durability and reliability also make thermocouples a popular choice in industrial and laboratory environments where accurate and consistent temperature readings are essential.
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