NA, RNA and protein are three important biological macromolecules and the molecular basis of life phenomena. Genes in genomic DNA are transcribed into mRNA and further translated into proteins. Many types of proteins undergo post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, and zymogen activation when they finally function. The genetic information of DNA determines the main traits of life, and mRNA plays an important role in the transmission of information. The other two types of RNA, rRNA and tRNA, also play an irreplaceable and important role in protein biosynthesis. Therefore, mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA play an important role in the transmission of genetic information from DNA to proteins that exhibit life traits. At present, research on mRNA expression is in full swing at home and abroad, which is very important for clarifying the function of genes in the post era.
There are still many RNA functions that have not been identified, such as many scRNA (cytoplasmic small molecule RNA), 7S and 10SRNA named after sedimentation coefficients. Some biocatalysts such as ribozymes and transpeptidases are also RNA.
The types of RNA may be much more than these, and the function of each type of RNA is far more than the simple mentioned above. With the deepening of research, more types of RNA and RNA functions are being interpreted. Therefore, a new subject, RNAomics (RNomics) in the life sciences is emerging.
There are two main types of DNA microarray technology: cDNA microarray and oligonucleotide microarray. In cDNA microarrays, the probe of each gene is a cDNA or a PCR product of the gene; this probe design strategy is difficult to specifically distinguish homologous genes such as RNA spliceosomes, overlapping genes, and G protein-coupled receptors. Oligonucleotide microarray technology includes two types: about 70mer oligonucleotide microarray and Affymetrix 25mer oligonucleotide gene chip (Genechip). In the 70mer microarray, the probe of each gene is a 70mer specific oligonucleotide fragment of the gene. In the Affymetrix gene chip, each gene has 10-20 specific probes (PM probes), each probe is a 25mer oligonucleotide fragment; each probe also has a corresponding mismatch (MM) Probe. The specificity of the probes from large to small is: 25mer> 70mer> cDNA. Therefore, Affymetrix gene chip technology can ensure the best specificity of gene expression detection. Because the MM probe can effectively subtract the background signal from the total hybridization signal to obtain a true hybridization signal, the Affymetrix gene chip technology can also ensure the high sensitivity of the gene chip detection, where the high sensitivity refers to the detection of low-abundance expression , Also mean that the expression level of genes with low abundance expression can be detected when it changes. At present, Affymetrix gene chip technology can ensure the best specificity, highest sensitivity, best repeatability and reliability of gene expression detection and best quantitative analysis. Therefore, the gene expression information obtained by Affymetrix gene technology is basically unnecessary to be verified by quantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and Northern technologies.
The gene expression data obtained by genes is very rich, and the most valuable information can be obtained through learning, such as which genes may be directly related to the physiological or pathological phenomena studied by the researchers. For the study of the function of these important genes, the next steps include RNAi (there are many special presentations in this journal), gene knockout and technology. The final elucidation of gene function requires the study of binding proteins (groups).
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