Overview
Humans have explored space, the depths of the ocean, and can trace back the history of millions of years. However, there are still a lot of blanks in the perception of the human body and how it works. For example, the knee joint is at the center point of the dynamics chain from the plantar to the pelvis. However, the geometric constraints imposed by the connection between the tibia and the femur are minimal. The stability of the knee joint needs to be achieved through the operation of a large number of soft tissue structures.
The detailed workings of these structures are still largely unknown. MSC's Adams is a multi-body dynamics simulation solution that provides the right in-depth analysis to help you better understand the internal workings of the knee joint.
background
A typical example is the role of the meniscus. The meniscus forms a cup-like structure for the femur that it seats, helping to stabilize the knee joint. In addition, the meniscus can also absorb shocks, buffering compressive forces from the femur and spreading to a wider range of tibia. But we still know nothing about many aspects of the meniscus. These aspects are exactly what MSC's Adams is all about.
Not long ago, surgeons often removed damaged meniscus, but this practice is now very rare, because we know that the meniscus plays an extremely important role in maintaining knee stability. The meniscus still has a lot of unsolved mysteries for us. For example, what happens when the ligaments that wrap the meniscus into the tibia are loose? Is it easy to induce the cause of the injury or age? A deeper understanding of the biomechanical properties of the knee brings a wide range of potential benefits, such as prevention. Injury, improved treatment.
Researchers at the Mizzou Motion Analysis Center (MAC) at the University of Missouri believe that deeper understanding of the meniscus may require an upgrade to traditional analytics. They needed a multibody dynamics simulation tool that reproduces muscle-driven loads and motions and has the computational power needed to model all knee joints. The software tool they chose was Adams.
Solution and verification
MAC researchers use Adams multibody dynamics software to develop the most comprehensive and realistic knee simulation. They first fitted the marker to the subject. They used a motion capture system to record the movement of these markers as they walked and moved in the lab. Images of bone, cartilage, meniscus, and ligaments are captured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. The force plate is used to measure the ground contact force, and the EMG (electromyogram) is used to measure the muscle activity.
The acquired data was then used to create an Adams model of each of the subject's internal musculoskeletal systems. Each model consists of 21 rigid body segments, 53 rotating joints, and 43 leg muscles. Define the motion constraints for each marker position and place a triaxial spring between the constraint and the corresponding body segment. This allows the movement of the rigid body bones relative to the motion constraints. The skin geometry derived from MRI is divided into five rigid bodies, thereby modeling the contact between the plantar and the ground. Then, the contact between the rigid body and the ground is defined as a rigid-flex contact.
Collecting these experimental motion data can provide gait dynamics input under constraints for model motion. The model is constrained by joints and knee contact and ligament forces as well as ground contact forces. A dynamic simulation of a forward walk was performed to determine muscle strength and knee load during exercise, predicting contact forces between knee components, such as the contact between the tibia and the meniscus, the tibia and the femur, and The force acting on the knee ligament, such as the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).
In walking dynamics simulations, the ability of Adams to integrate data with Simulink played a key role in establishing accurate knee joint simulations. Through co-simulation between Adams and Simulink, researchers are able to gain critical critical insights into the simulation process.
Conclusion
The biomechanical function of the meniscus decreases as the length of the meniscus attachment band increases.
With Adams, MAC researchers were able to gradually understand the complexity of knee meniscus function. They found that when the length of the ligament was increased to about 20%, the force transmitted through the meniscus during walking was almost completely lost. If the force absorbed by the meniscus is reduced, the force transmitted directly between the tibia and the femur will increase, which may exacerbate joint damage and pain. These results have enabled researchers and physicians to not only be targeted, but also to prevent future pain and damage more effectively than before.
Trent Guess, associate professor of physiotherapy and orthopedics at the University of Missouri, said: "Multi-body dynamics have greatly helped us to deepen our understanding of knee function. Looking ahead, this technology is likely to diagnose knee disease and improve surgery. Significant progress will also benefit us in other areas."
About the University of Missouri
Founded in 1839, the University of Missouri is the largest university in Missouri, USA, and currently has more than 35,000 students. The Mizzou Sports Analysis Center is part of the Department of Physiotherapy, which combines research in biomechanical engineering, orthopedics and physiotherapy to improve the measurement and maintenance of human motion.
The article is transferred from technical neighbors and is only for reading and communication.
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