Bromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. Its chemical formula is Brâ‚‚. At room temperature, bromine exists as a dense, dark reddish-brown liquid. It has a strong, irritating odor that can be easily detected even at low concentrations.
Bromine has a high density of 3.119 g/cm³ and is highly volatile, meaning it evaporates quickly into the air. It is also highly toxic, making it dangerous if inhaled or exposed to the skin. The melting point of bromine is -7.2°C, and its boiling point is 58.76°C, which means it can easily transition from liquid to gas under normal conditions.
Its crystal structure is orthorhombic, forming a unique unit cell arrangement. Bromine is soluble in various organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and carbon disulfide, but it does not dissolve well in water.
Bromine has numerous industrial applications. It is primarily used in the production of bromides, pharmaceuticals, dyes, fumigants, and flame retardants. Additionally, it serves as a raw material for chemical reagents and photographic chemicals.
Exposure to bromine gas can cause serious health effects. Even low concentrations can irritate the respiratory tract, leading to coughing, chest tightness, and increased mucus production. It may also cause headaches, dizziness, and general discomfort. Some individuals may experience gastrointestinal issues. Prolonged exposure can lead to more severe symptoms, including eye irritation, tearing, light sensitivity, hoarseness, and even suffocation due to swelling of the vocal cords.
In addition, high concentrations of bromine can cause severe burns on the skin and mucous membranes. Long-term inhalation may result in neurological symptoms like fatigue and irritability. Allergic reactions, such as dermatitis, are also possible in sensitive individuals.
To prevent bromine exposure, it's essential to ensure that all production equipment and pipelines are properly sealed. Adequate local ventilation should be maintained, and personal protective equipment, such as gloves, goggles, and respirators, must be worn when handling bromine. Safety protocols should always be followed to minimize risks associated with this hazardous substance.
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