Guide
Recently, a study published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine showed that our chromosomes age together as the body ages. So can we delay aging and maintain health and longevity by changing chromosomes? At present, many scientists in the world are trying to solve this problem.
Aging is an ancient and mysterious topic. The immortality is the goal that human beings have been pursuing. The aging of organisms is an inevitable process. The body is degraded from the composition of matter and organization to the loss of physiological functions over time. process.
Recently, a study published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine showed that our chromosomes age together as the body ages. So can we delay aging and maintain health and longevity by changing chromosomes? At present, many scientists in the world are trying to solve this problem.
A research report on aging in Nature in 2016 was selected as one of the “Top Ten Breakthroughs in 2016†selected by Science magazine. Coincidentally, recently, the research results published by the research team of Cai Shiqing, a researcher of the Shanghai Institute of Neuroscience at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, first published the genetic basis of the difference in aging rate between individuals, and it is a major breakthrough in the field of aging in recent years. These latest results have raised the heat of anti-aging research.
Chromosome "bodyguard"
In the nucleus of a living organism, there is a linear substance carrying genetic information called "chromosomes." The chromosome is mainly composed of DNA and protein, and is the "guidebook" for the growth and development of organisms. At the end of the chromosome there is a "bodyguard" of the chromosome, the telomere. The human telomere consists of a 6-base repeat and a binding protein that plays an important role in the function of the chromosome.
Telomeres can be compared to the plastic sleeves that prevent wear on both ends of the lace, protecting the chromosomes like a plastic sleeve to protect the laces. It can prevent chromosomes from sticking to each other while maintaining the integrity of the chromosome, and protect the DNA on the chromosome. Unfortunately, this bodyguard needs to make constant sacrifices: every time the cells divide, the telomeres will shorten a little, and the more the cell division, the more the telomeres will be shortened. In layman's terms, the older the cell, the shorter the telomere. When they become too short, the cells no longer divide and begin to become inactive, aging and die. Therefore, telomere is also called the "molecular clock" of the living body.
Telomerase is an enzyme in cells that is responsible for extending telomeres. In younger cells, it adds bases to the ends of the telomeres, which protects the telomeres from excessive wear and increases the number of cell divisions. However, as the cell divides, the amount of telomerase is insufficient, the telomeres are gradually shortened, and the cells begin to age. If the activity of telomerase is high, the length of telomeres can be maintained, delaying the aging of cells. Three American scientists won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "finding how telomeres and telomerase protect chromosomes." But telomerase also helps the proliferation of unwanted cells and promotes the formation of cancer, so it is also referred to as "bomb fuze."
The key to "long life is not old"
Because telomerase plays a key role in cell aging and canceration, it is considered the key to "immortality." Experimental studies have shown that telomeres are not only shortened forever, but may actually become longer.
Not long ago, scientists at the Houston Methodist Institute used RNA therapy technology to discover reversible cell aging. The researchers found that children with premature aging have shorter telomeres than normal people, so they used premature aging in children. The therapy first sends specific RNA into the cell, and the RNA then conveys information to the cell "prolonging telomeres" to promote telomerase production. With this therapy, all cell aging markers are reversed. Researcher Cooke said that we can at least slow or block the progress of aging in the patient's body, and he is planning to improve on existing therapies.
In addition, because telomerase is essential for immortalization of tumor cells, it can be an important target for antitumor drugs. At present, there are many "telomerase" drugs and detection reagents based on telomere effect for extending telomeres. These research results have also caused a lot of hype, and some cases have caused diseases caused by drugs that enhance telomerase activity. On cancer.
In August of this year, the first detection reagent for telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit (hTERT) mRNA detection kit using telomerase technology for lung tumor auxiliary diagnosis was approved by the State Food and Drug Administration. It provides a fast and convenient means of detection for lung cancer assisted diagnosis.
In addition, aging is not a constant process, and the rate of aging is affected by many factors. An article on aging in Cell magazine summarizes nine factors that affect aging, in addition to telomere depletion, as well as factors such as dystrophic metabolism.
Elizabeth Blackburn, one of the winners of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, published the book Telomere Effect in January 2017, which describes the effects of life stress on telomere length: the time for mothers to take care of sick children The longer, the shorter the telomere length, and the pressure accelerates their aging. The older the person, the shorter the end of the chromosome; the person who smokes and drinks has a shorter chromosome end.
"The road to resisting the old age" has a long way to go
In fact, the wisdom of life is far more profound than we think. Many diseases are caused by aging. If we can solve this problem through the telomere effect, we can solve many diseases.
At present, various new technologies have successfully extended the length of telomeres, which brings hope to the disease caused by aging. Scientists are also investigating whether drugs can be used to curb telomerase to treat cancer. It is excellent for drugs to extend telomeres, but it is dangerous to use drugs to extend telomeres. We also need to test it rigorously, and lifestyle changes are much safer than drugs.
In-depth study of the relationship between chromosomal changes and aging, cancer, will be an important breakthrough in the future of life sciences. With the development of molecular biology, aging research will also enter the genetic era. Since the development of life sciences, the mysteries of many lives are still unknown and need to be further explored. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in anti-aging issues.
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