The movable type is a printing plate composed of lead movable type and various typesetting materials. The typesetting process of the movable type is:
Type making → casting → picking → installation → proofing → proofing → revision → movable type
(1) Type making
The font is made of copper or other metals, and it is generally a mould for casting concave characters.
There are three methods for manufacturing the fonts: stamping font method, electroplating font method, and engraving font method.
1. Stamping
First engrave a convex steel character (also called the original stamping die), place it on the copper blank and press hard, you can make a concave character die.
Stamping fonts are durable and easy to process, but they can only produce simple strokes and are more suitable for foreign letters.
2. Electroplating
First, a thick layer of copper is plated on the hand-carved lead by electroplating, and then the copper layer is peeled off, and lead or zinc is cast from the back, then sawed into small pieces, and inlaid on the copper billet, it is made Font. The electroplate font is cheap and simple, but the processing time is long and the service life is low.
3. Engraved font
Fix the pre-processed copper blank on the type engraving machine with a fixture, and use the principle of zooming to draw on the prepared word template in sequence according to the stroke of the word. At the same time that a word was drawn on the word template, the word was carved on the copper blank.
Carved characters, precise strokes, high quality, durability, and speed are the most commonly used methods for making characters.
(2) Casting
The process of making a lead alloy into a movable type by a type machine through a type mold is called type writing.
The lead alloy used for casting is made of lead, tin and three low-melting metals in a certain proportion. The ratio of the three metals can be adjusted according to the size of the characters and the type of printing machine. The specific process of adjusting the casting is to install the font (the mold for casting the font) and the font box on the font casting machine. Then put the lead ingot into the molten lead pot of the word-making machine and melt it with another heat (generally the temperature is around 350 ℃), then you can start the word casting.
The cast type characters are placed in a fixed dial on the shelf for the purpose of picking characters. Usually, the main purpose of casting is to supplement the lack of the dial.
In addition to being able to cast movable type, the type making machine can also cast other typesetting materials, lace, empty lead, etc. [next]
(3) Picking and printing
1. Pick words
According to the original and layout design requirements, the process of arranging movable type into tops (semi-finished products with prescribed line lengths) is called word sorting.
There are about 3000 Chinese characters commonly used in China, and about 7000 Chinese characters that are not commonly used. The various types of cast type are arranged in the dial according to the radicals of the "Kangxi Dictionary". The dial is placed on the dial, and each font and font size has a set of characters. When picking characters, pick out the required characters and punctuation marks from the shelf and place them in the hand tray. After picking them up, use two lead bars to clamp them and place them in the wooden tray. The rope is tied tightly.
2. Version
Also called imposition or group version. According to the requirements of manuscript and layout design, Chinese characters, foreign languages, formulas, tables, illustrations, etc. will be formed into movable fonts of certain specifications.
The movable type edition is divided according to the layout form, there are two types of newspaper edition and book edition.
(4) Proofing and revision
1. Proofing and proofreading
The installed movable type should be put on the proofing machine to make proofs, and then check and mark out the typographical errors on the proofs according to the original and layout design requirements. This process is called proof proofing.
Proficient in identifying and using proofreading symbols is one of the basic skills of typesetting personnel. The current proofreading symbols used conform to the People's Republic of China Professional Standard "Proofreading Symbols and Their Usage" promulgated in December 1981.
There are two types of proofreading: factory proofreading and proofreading by the commission and printing department. There are many errors in the newly installed version, and the personnel in the factory will first proofread it. Finally, the proofreading is carried out by the committee and the printing department. [next]
2. Remodel
According to the label of the proof, the revision of the layout error is called revision or revision. After the sample changes, the sample changes are made, and then proofreading is carried out. Generally, proofreading is carried out three times, and the last proofread by the committee and printing department is called a proof or standard sample. Samples can be printed after signed by the printing and printing department of the Commission.
(5) Mechanical typesetting
Since the advent of typesetting technology for lead type, manual work has been used. In order to improve the efficiency of high typesetting and reduce manual labor, in 1886 American Megan Taylor invented the Leno casting machine, also known as the row casting machine. In 1908, American Lanston invented the Monotypesetter, also known as the single-word typesetting machine. These two types of casting machine can complete multiple processes such as casting, picking, and plate installation at once.
Strip casting machine is mainly composed of three parts. The font part (die box, keyboard, assembly plate, etc.), the casting part (lead pot, casting wheel, etc.) and the automatic return part of the font. Its operation process is that the fonts are arranged in a row in order, and then the casting is carried out. The characters and punctuation marks are cast out one by one. Therefore, the row-type casting machine is suitable for foreign language layout.
The single-character typesetting machine is mainly composed of parts such as a type library, a character box, a lead pot, a conveying device and a typesetting device. It consists of a single character to form a printing plate.
The Chinese character layout in China is carried out by a single-character typesetting machine, and the most commonly used is the automatic typesetting machine, which is mainly composed of a paper tape punching machine and an automatic typesetting machine. When typesetting, first use a puncher to perforate the paper tape according to the original and layout design requirements, and then input the perforated paper tape into the automatic casting machine for casting.
Although the use of the typesetting machine improves the efficiency of typesetting and reduces labor intensity, it does not get rid of the lead alloy, which causes serious environmental pollution. Therefore, movable typesetting accounts for a smaller and smaller proportion of typesetting.
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